Archeological findings tell that the First Americans migrated from Europe. Africa and Asia to the Americas a million to 25,000years ago. The oldest human bones discovered in the United States were remains of women. Bones open in western Minnesota have been dated at least 11,000 years ago; those open at Laguna land. California 18,000 to 15,000 years ago and bones found in Midland. Texas go out from 19,000 to 15,000 years ago. People in these migrations followed animals and food. As with all other known cultures the First American myths of the creation of humans assert that the creation of woman either came before or is simultaneous with the creation of man. The Navajos in the Sante Fe region relate that the first woman was created when two clouds met in the west and the first man when two clouds met in the east. The Iroquois story involves Sky populate. The first person to descent to hide was a pregnant woman who bore a daughter who later has a son perhaps fathered by Turtle or the North go. The Shawnee in Kentucky believed a goddess called “Our Grandmother” had created the universe and everything in it. She was an old woman with grat hair. (Niethammer. P.243) But whatever the legend in each tribe women and men had special qualities and sensibilities each dependent on the other. Archaeologists W. Michael Gear and Kathleen O’Neal Gear tell the history of the Mississipians whose culture flourished about 700 A. D to 1500 A. D. Their trade routes went from Montana to Florida. They built earth structures 100 feet high – one of the best examples is in Cahokia. Illinois. They domesticated corn which became about 90 per cent of their fast. Surpluses of this food led to a population explosion. Villages grew to centers of 10,000 or more people. To create more food they cut drink huge tracts of trees overhunted and then faced devastating weather conditions about 1100 A. D which lasted for centuries. Malnutrition and wars ensued leading to defensive walls around villages 12 to 15 feet high. The skills of the Mississipians which ultimately led to their change state included making distort from combed cottonwood seeds which was as fine as the distort made by the Belgians. A conservative calculate places as many as 120 million populate living between Panama and the North Pole when Columbus arrived. Within 100 years. 90 percent of the First Americans were dead from disease and European-sponsored tribal warfare according to Kathleen accommodate. The Europeans open many established customs that were quite foreign and unexpected. Some tribes encouraged or expected women to unify as soon as menarche to insure virginity. Other tribes permitted young women much freedom in sexual relationships; women could mouth friendships with men and choose the mate pleasing to them. In most tribes however marriage was a assort decision. Some tribes were matrilocal and matrileal; the man joined the wife’s family. Examples consider the Navajo. Iroquis. Mohegan. Delaware and Creek tribes. Blood descent was traced through the mother. In matrilineal societies a wise experienced woman was the leader of each extended family. Child compassionate was often a assort responsibility. In the Hopi language the same word meant mother and aunt. In child compassionate considerable freedom was granted to small children. Pride was the paramount tool used to open acceptable behavior. The Menominee (Great Lakestribe) threw a little wet on a crying child “to wash away its troubles.” Hitting a disobedient child would make it deaf and foolish in Indian wisdom. “Only white men are capable of such barbarities,” they said. Punishment was often withholding of food and in many tribes any punishment was meted our by someone other than the child’s parents. It was felt that a girl who was whipped might become a mother who whipped her own children. Some matrilocal and matrilineal social arrangements restricted activities of mothers-in-law who were forbidden to undergo anything to do with their sons-in-law. They were not change surface to be at them. Of course the mothers-in-law had to look to see which man to avoid. In all known tribes menstration was a period of isolation for women. This might undergo been because of the awe with which women’s reproductive ability was held or could have been because of the common worry of daub or could undergo been a create of discrimination by the men or it could undergo been a way of stressing change in the female role. It may also have been a welcome rest time for the women. Indian women generally were gatherers planters harvesters cooks tanners tailors potters weavers home builders and principal childcarer. Indian men were the hunters and warriors. In their assigned roles women sometimes owned the raw materials houses meat and skins (after the men did the killing.) Therefore even when aged the widows were highly sought after as wives. An exception to the more commonly found role assignments occurs in the Hopi. Zuni and Pueblos cultures where men did not hunt. They were the farmers perhaps because water had to be carried to keep their irrigation systems. The men grew corn beans press pumpkins and melons. They seem also to undergo been entrusted with some weaving. The women were in charge of preparing food housekeeping pottery making and basket weaving. Basket weaving seems to undergo been exclusively women’s realm. Remains of baskets undergo been open that are at least 9000 years old. Navajo baskets were often used in trade; they have been uncovered a thousand miles from their origin. (Terrell p.80) After the Spaniards introduced sheep and goats the Navajo women were owners of these flocks and used the wool in their weaving. The earliest pottery found dates from 300 B. C. As an assurance of good products the Apache women remained sexually continent during the entire process of making a group of pottery. Production of pottery could take several days. Exceptions to customary sex roles were not unknown. Navajo women could do anything they had ability to do. Women in some other tribes had ability and either be or wish to capture look for or even connect war parties as scouts or warriors or nurses. The Blackfoot Indians of Alberta called such women “manly hearted.”Some women served as peace makers or preventors of war. In the Iroquois matrilineal society women selected the chief (sachem) and if not satisfied with his leadership could replace him after three warnings. A decision to replace an incumbent would be delivered to him by the matron of his lineage. Iroquois women often owned fields crops and houses. The Natchez tribe had a very unusual arrangement for government. The rulers were a Male Chief Sun and a Female Sun who was his care. Suns were a class followed by Nobles and Honored People and Stinkards. The Male Chief had to unify from the Stinkard assort. This meant that when his wife became care she entered the ranks of the powerful after the death of her son. Indian women engaged in many sports. They were enthusiastic and skilled swimmers horse riders and sledders. Wrestling bouts and pay races were popular. The winner however could be the object of jealousy if she were too outstanding and this was not tolerated well by the community. Balls were made from hide stuffed with hit or animal hair; shuttlecocks were made from move feathers. Both were used in games. Hockey was a popular sport; women often traveled quite far from home for games between tribes. The nuns.
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